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Biochar for Environmental Management

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Book Review by Ed Sears

edited by Johannes Lehmann and Stephen Joseph

(2009), Earthscan Books.

Biochar is an idea that has recently gained prominence as it holds out the possibility of tackling soil improvement, energy production, mitigation of climate change, and disposal of organic waste.  Biochar is organic material which has been heated (to between 350 and 700 degrees C) in the absence or restricted supply of oxygen.  It is therefore similar to charcoal, although intended specifically for application to farmland for environmental improvement.

Biochar for Environmental Management, edited by Johannes Lehmann and Stephen Joseph, two biochar researchers from Cornell University in the USA and the University of New South Wales, Australia, is a summary of the current state of scientific knowledge on this technology.  There has been localised interest in charred woody material or plant waste for some time, but it was the growing awareness triggered by the discovery of pockets of dark, carbon-rich, fertile soils known as Terra Pretta de Indio in the Amazon and the realization that these soils were the result of human activity hundreds or thousands of years ago, that has led to increased interest in its properties and potential.

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Complementary Health: cider vinegar

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by Julia Briscoe

I work as a Clinical Nurse Specialist, specialising in Complementary Therapies, my core therapy being homeopathy.  I also run a couple of support groups for people with cancer or end of life needs, one of which focuses on self-help techniques and relaxation / meditation.  Self help, in my opinion, is something that should be easy, low cost and sustainable in terms of inclusion into a lifestyle.  It should also be suitable for all, not just my cancer and end of life care patients so it’s lovely to have been asked to share a few of the suggestions I make for my patients.

Obviously many of my patients are extremely unwell but none the less, one of the first things I assess when I treat someone for the first time is their nutritional status.

Cider vinegar, also known as Apple Cider Vinegar (ACV) often comes up as a suggestion for people to try as a low cost nutritional supplement.

ACV is made by crushing apples and squeezing out the liquid.  Bacteria and yeast are added to the liquid to begin the fermentation process.  Ultimately, this produces what is known as ‘The Mother’ which looks like a cobweb.  It is this that gives cider vinegar its famed healing powers.  Therefore ideally, if possible, unfiltered cider vinegar is the best, although I have seen good results with cider vinegar bought in any supermarket or health food shop.

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They're eating the lawn in Llanidloes

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After Andy Wright from Llanidloes had completed his C.A.T MSc dissertation on local food entitled 'Can Llanidloes Feed Itself In Light of Peak Oil' he was inspired to get involved with helping local school children to learn more about where their staple foods come from before they find them on the supermarket shelves. Having spent the year creating a bakery CSA (community supported agriculture) and experimenting with sourdoughs and local traditionally milled grains to produce beautiful rustic ciabattas, mixed grain loaves. Andy and his wife Leanne had heard about the Bake Your Lawn

initiative (www.realbreadcampaign.org) when they visited a local water powered flour mill near Aberystwyth.

Bake your lawn is a national project sponsored by ? to grow wheat from seed on an area previously given over to grass lawn. Andy contacted Lisa Stead who runs Llanidloes Primary School's wildlife club and Eco Schools accreditation. Mrs Stead had already established fantastic gardens for her receptions class and raised beds for the other infant classes in the school and was delighted to hear from Andy and to get the children involved in with Bake Your Lawn.

Together they decided that the newly created raised beds directly outside the infant classrooms would be the obvious choice for pupils to sow, water and observe the wheat in each stage of its cultivation during the spring and summer months.

Andy planned to return to school in Autumn to assist with the harvest when hopefully the children of Llanidloes Primary will be able to use a hand operated grain mill to convert the resulting wheat grains into flour and to bake a loaf of home-grown bread.

 

(From The Real Bread Campaign)

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Access to healthy local food for disadvantaged communities

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Wiltshire & Swindon Food Champions

Food Champions is an innovative three-year project in Wiltshire and Swindon to empower predominantly disadvantaged communities to learn about and access healthy local food.

The teaching of horticultural skills combined with the creation of allotments and orchards will be supplemented by a network of voluntary Food Champions across Wiltshire and Swindon.

We seek to achieve the following through the three-year life of the project

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Sleeping with the enemy - can rats and rabbits be a solution?

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Sleeping with the enemy (1) : The joy of rats

Many people have what appears to be an innate fear of snakes and spiders that may be engrained in poisonous encounters in the evolutionary past, but the widespread horror of rats seems to be entirely cultural.  Plague, Weil's disease, contamination - the 'dirty rat'...   Although you clearly don't want rats eating their way through your food store, what harm did rats ever do you ? - I thought not.  They've even been exonerated recently for the Black Death.  And in some parts of the country they are favourite cage pets - the self-same evil denizens of the imagination and the compost heap.

It's the compost heap I want to talk about.  I have two compost bins and a heap in my urban garden, which produce compost very slowly, such that it tends to build up out of control, as I never send anything rottable to the council's collections.  Every now and again there's a noticeable increase in rats, and in the past, if the cats didn't act quickly, out came the warfarin.  However in recent years I'd begun to notice that if the bins had active rats, the composting went a lot quicker and was very thoroughly and regularly turned.  So I stayed my hand on the poison and waited to see if any problems arose.  And waited.  Well, I did have to improve overnight security in the chicken run, as they seem to think my tolerance gives them the right to sample the layers' pellets, despite their inability to make the intended eggs.

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The Edible Perennial Landscape

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Many gardens have a strict divide between the veg patch and the ornamental bit. The food area tends to consist mostly of annual veg, neatly laid out in rows, duplicating the style used on allotments which in turn models itself on a farmer’s field. Then there is the pretty patch, consisting mostly of flowers and ornamental shrubs, which is lovely to look at but has no other function. Edible landscaping starts to blur the lines between these strict divides. Springing from its basis in permaculture, it places a strong emphasis on creating functional and productive landscapes, which are attractive and pleasing to the eye.


Edible landscapes can be many and varied. This can mean growing lots of edible perennials (of which there are thousands) in an arrangement which is bountiful in terms of food production but also beautiful to look at or it can mean combining your conventional annual veg garden into a less rigid format intermingling your veg with other herbaceous perennials, shrubs and trees for example. Or it can simply mean the deliberate creation of a beautiful space when creating a patch of food even if it’s in a 12” container.

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